![]() As a leader strives to get people working together productively, communicating the history of the enterprise can instill a sense of identity and purpose and suggest the goals that will resonate. History can be profitably employed on both fronts. The job of leaders, most would agree, is to inspire collective efforts and devise smart strategies for the future. But the authors, business historians at the Winthrop Group, assert that leaders with no patience for history are missing a vital truth: A sophisticated understanding of the past is one of the most powerful tools they have for shaping the future. ![]() A fast-changing world leaves little time for nostalgia and irrelevant details-or, worse, strategies for winning the last war. In some localities, such as Birmingham, Alabama, the police cooperated with Ku Klux Klan chapters and other white people opposing the actions, and allowed mobs to attack the riders.When the history of an organization comes up, it’s usually in connection with an anniversary-just part of the “balloons and fireworks” (as one business leader characterized his company’s bicentennial celebration, knowing that the investment of time and money would have little staying power). Southern local and state police considered the actions of the Freedom Riders to be criminal and arrested them in some locations. ![]() The Supreme Court's decision in Boynton supported the right of interstate travelers to disregard local segregation ordinances. The Freedom Rides, beginning in 1960, followed dramatic sit-ins against segregated lunch counters conducted by students and youth throughout the South, and boycotts of retail establishments that maintained segregated facilities. The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) sponsored most of the subsequent Freedom Rides, but some were also organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Police arrested riders for trespassing, unlawful assembly, violating state and local Jim Crow laws, and other alleged offenses, but often they first let white mobs attack them without intervention. They called national attention to the disregard for the federal law and the local violence used to enforce segregation in the southern United States. The Freedom Rides, and the violent reactions they provoked, bolstered the credibility of the American Civil Rights Movement. The ICC failed to enforce its ruling, and Jim Crow travel laws remained in force throughout the South.The Freedom Riders challenged this status quo by riding interstate buses in the South in mixed racial groups to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation in seating. Ferguson (1896) doctrine of separate but equal in interstate bus travel. Carolina Coach Company (1955) that had explicitly denounced the Plessy v. ![]() Five years prior to the Boynton ruling, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) had issued a ruling in Sarah Keys v. on May 4, 1961, and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17.Boynton outlawed racial segregation in the restaurants and waiting rooms in terminals serving buses that crossed state lines. The first Freedom Ride left Washington, D.C. The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them. Virginia (1960), which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. Wikipedia Rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votesįreedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States in 1961 and subsequent years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions Morgan v.
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